The Edge screens are quite impressive, compared to where bike computers were a decade ago (and in fact, where many bike computers are today).
I think the "old school" screens used what is called "segment displays", where a character position is composed of 7, 14, or 16 segments which can be lighted to form numbers, letters, etc.
I think modern displays use what is called "full-area 2-dimensional displays", where the screen is composed of pixlee that can be lighted and given color to form just about anything - characters, maps, etc.
Is there any information available from Garmin about their screen tech?
There are still many companies marketing products, such as weather stations, that use old tech, and they look like they came from the previous century!