Workouts before 2009 are not longer in the calendar. Have all of my years of workouts been deleted?

Are you referring to workouts or activities? In Garmin those are 2 different things.

In many cases missing activities is due to having logged into Garmin Connect using a different account - Data is Missing from My Garmin Connect Account

You can check all your known email addresses using the Garmin Connections search. 

Otherwise, suggest contacting Garmin Support directly. 

Thanks, but all of my current workout data and data from 2012 until now are synced and are still there.

So you are thinking that I may have had a different login account from that time frame, interesting. I tried using the link you provided, but only a single account is shown. 

One of the first things I checked was maybe a setting like you posted was not checked, but all items are checked. 

I wonder if you are correct and that I used another email account, would I be able to find out via Garmin support if that account still exists?

I think you are probably correct, thanks for pointing me in the right direction.